| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 3.2 Abbreviated terms 4 Existing requirements for fault current behaviour of IBRs 4.1 Review of the present requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Fault-ride-through profile of power-generating modules Tables Table 1 \u2013 Parameters for Figure 1 for fault-ride-through capabilityof power-generating modules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2013 Detailed parameters for Figure 1 for fault-ride-through capabilityof power-generating modules in different countries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4.2 Requirements for wind power stations and PV stations by NERC Figure 2 \u2013 Category \u2160 Abnormal voltage ride-through requirement [2] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2013 Category \u2161 Abnormal voltage ride-through requirement [2] Figure 4 \u2013 Category \u2162 Abnormal voltage ride-through requirement as amended in [2] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 4.3 Requirements for wind power stations and PV power stations in China Figure 5 \u2013 Under voltage ride through requirements for wind farms in China <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2013 Under voltage ride through requirements for photovoltaicpower stations in China <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Figure 7 \u2013 Over voltage ride through requirementsfor photovoltaic power stations in China <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 4.4 Requirements for wind power stations and PV power stations in Germany Figure 8 \u2013 Voltage ride through requirements for type IIpower stations according to VDE-AR-N-4120 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2013 Requirements of the reactive current according to VDE-AR-N 4120 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 4.5 Clause summary 5 Analysis on the behaviour of fault current 5.1 Fault current needs 5.2 Fault current characteristics of full-scale-converter based IBRs 5.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 5.2.2 Typical control schemes of FSC-based IBRs Figure 10 \u2013 Typical topology of a Type-IV WT Figure 11 \u2013 Typical topology of a VSC-based PV inverter Figure 12 \u2013 Diagram of basic AC current control strategy of GSC during fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Diagram of positive- and negative-sequence AC current control strategyof GSC for eliminating oscillations during voltage unbalance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 Fault current characteristics of FSC-based IBR during symmetrical fault 5.2.4 Fault current characteristics of FSC-based IBR under unsymmetrical fault Figure 14 \u2013 Diagram of positive- and negative-sequence AC current control strategyof GSC for complying I1R and I2R injection requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 5.3 Fault current behaviour of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine (WT) 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 FRT solutions of DFIG-based WT Figure 15 \u2013 Typical topology of a DFIG-based WT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2013 Energy flow and ESEs of a DFIG-based WT in normal operation Figure 17 \u2013 ESEs and vector control scheme of a DFIG-based WT in normal operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2013 FRT solutions of a DFIG-based WT during grid fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 5.3.3 Fault current behaviour of DFIG-based WT during symmetrical faults Figure 19 \u2013 FRT solutions of a DFIG-based WT during grid fault Figure 20 \u2013 The identified components of fault currents by the analytical expression <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 5.3.4 Fault current behaviour of DFIG-based WT during unsymmetrical faults 5.4 Behaviour of large-scale wind farm when outgoing line faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Figure 21 \u2013 The topology of wind farm integrated to power grid in Shanxi Province Figure 22 \u2013 The and recorded when BG fault occurs at point F1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 23 \u2013 The and recorded when BG fault occurs at point F1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Figure 24 \u2013 The EPSI, ENSI, EZSI of wind farm includingboth DFIG and PMSG based WTs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 25 \u2013 The EPSI, ENSI, EZSI of wind farm including only DFIG based WTs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 5.5 Clause summary Figure 26 \u2013 The , and recorded when ABCG fault occurs at point F2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 6 Impact of IBRs on relay protection 6.1 Influence factors of IBRs on relay protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 6.2 Impact on distance protection 6.2.1 Basic principle of distance protection Figure 27 \u2013 General fault characteristics of wind power system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure 28 \u2013 Diagrams of wind power integration system for distance protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 6.2.2 Power frequency component distance relay 6.2.3 Time-domain distance relay 6.2.4 Power frequency variation component distance relay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 6.2.5 Phase-comparison distance relay Figure 29 \u2013 Wind power integration system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Figure 30 \u2013 Operation performance of distance relays when the BC faultoccurs at the midpoint of DFIG wind power outgoing line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 6.2.6 Conclusion 6.3 Impact on phase selector 6.3.1 Fault component of phase current difference based phase selector Figure 31 \u2013 Fault component network Table 3 \u2013 Simulation results of distance relays when BC faults occur at different locations of the DFIG wind power outgoing line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 6.3.2 Fault component of sequence current based phase selector Table 4 \u2013 Behaviour of traditional phase selectors under different kinds of faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 6.3.3 Conclusion 6.4 Impact on directional relay 6.4.1 Fault component of phase voltage and current based directional relay 6.4.2 Fault component of sequence voltage and current based directional relay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 32 \u2013 The ratio of positive and negative sequence impedancefor DFIG wind farm when an AG fault occurs Figure 33 \u2013 Fault component of phase voltage and current based directional relay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 6.4.3 Conclusion Figure 34 \u2013 Fault component of line to line voltage and current based directional relay Figure 35 \u2013 Fault component of sequence voltage and current based directional relay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 6.5 Clause summary 7 Conclusions and future work 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Future work Table 5 \u2013 Summary of adaptability of traditional relay protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative)Expressions of DFIG-based WT’s fault current Table A.1 \u2013 Fault current expressions of DFIG-based WT during symmetrical voltage dip <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Table A.2 \u2013 Typical values and ranges of parameters in fault current expression <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Behaviour of inverter-based resources in response to bulk grid faults<\/b><\/p>\n |