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BSI PD IEC TR 63401-3:2023

BSI PD IEC TR 63401-3:2023

$215.11

Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Fast frequency response and frequency ride-through from inverter-based resources during severe frequency disturbances

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 82
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
8 FOREWORD
10 INTRODUCTION
11 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Abbreviated terms
13 4 Definition of fast frequency response (FFR)
4.1 General
4.2 Existing usage of term FFR
4.2.1 FFR in Australia and Texas
14 Figures
Figure 1 – Proposed response times by ERCOT as of 2014
15 Tables
Table 1 – Frequency response times of FFR
16 Figure 2 – Time elements of FFR
17 4.2.2 FFR and synthetic inertia in European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)
18 4.2.3 FFR and synthetic inertia in EirGrid/SONI
20 4.2.4 The enhanced frequency response and enhanced frequency control capability in the UK
4.2.5 FFR in North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and North America
4.3 Definition of FFR given by CIGRE JWG C2/C4.41
21 4.4 Recommended definition of fast frequency response (FFR)
4.4.1 Clear definition
4.4.2 Impact mechanism on system frequency
22 4.5 Description of the relationship among synchronous inertia response, fast frequency response, and primary frequency response
4.5.1 Relationship between synchronous inertia response and fast frequency response
Figure 3 – Impact mechanism on system frequency by FFR
23 4.5.2 Relationship between fast frequency response and primary frequency response
4.5.3 Relationship between synchronous inertia response and primary frequency response
24 5 System needs and conditions where fast frequency response is warranted
5.1 Higher ROCOF and lower nadir
5.1.1 General
Figure 4 – System frequency in response to a large generation trip
25 5.1.2 Higher ROCOF
26 5.1.3 Worse nadir
27 5.1.4 Simulation study
28 5.1.5 Blackout in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019
Figure 5 – Frequency characteristics under the same disturbancewith various inverter-based resources penetration
29 Figure 6 – Frequency response in blackout in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019
31 5.2 Large fluctuation of system frequency in power system operation
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Frequency regulation scheme
Figure 7 – System frequency fluctuation under secondary frequencyregulation due to load fluctuation in a grid
Table 2 – Frequency response in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019
32 5.2.3 Relatively large load fluctuation
5.2.4 Relatively weak and slow PFR
Figure 8 – Assignment of different modulations forquasi-steady-state frequency fluctuation
33 6 Performance objectives for fast frequency response from inverter-based resources
6.1 The response time of FFR
Table 3 – Summary of response times in different countries and regions
Table 4 – Summary of response times for inverter-based resources
34 6.2 The response characteristics and maximum response capacity of FFR
35 Figure 9 – Controlled contribution of electrical power provided by ROCOF-based FFR
36 6.3 Test performance for renewable generator equipped with fast frequency response in China
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Engineering construction
Figure 10 – The controlled contribution of electrical power providedby deviation-based FFR
Table 5 – Typical ranges of control parameters of FFR
37 6.3.3 Test practice and performance
7 Available technologies, controls, and tuning considerations for fast frequency response and primary frequency response
7.1 Available technologies for fast frequency response
7.1.1 Technology capabilities for FFR service
Table 6 – Inertia response and fast frequency regulation performance
38 7.1.2 Wind turbines
39 7.1.3 Solar PV
40 7.1.4 Battery energy storage
42 7.1.5 HVDC
43 7.2 Available controls for fast frequency response
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Additional FFR control for grid-following converter
Figure 11 – Scheme of the transfer function of ROCOF-based FFRfor grid-following converters
44 7.2.3 Grid-forming converter control
Figure 12 – Scheme of the transfer function of deviation-based FFRfor grid-following converters
45 Figure 13 – Schematic of the droop control of deviation-based FFRfor grid-forming converters
46 7.3 Tuning considerations for fast frequency response and primary frequency response
Figure 14 – Time elements of FFR
47 8 Test methods for verifying turbine-level or plant-level fast frequency response capability
8.1 General
8.2 Selection of test equipment
8.3 Test wiring method
48 8.4 Selection of measuring conditions
Figure 15 – Test wiring diagram
Table 7 – Input and output of a data collection point
Table 8 – Test conditions for fast frequency response of renewable energy power plant
49 8.5 Step frequency disturbance test
8.6 Slope frequency disturbance test
Table 9 – Stepped frequency disturbance test
50 8.7 Actual frequency disturbance simulation test
8.8 Actual frequency disturbance simulation test
Figure 16 – Test slope curve for ROCOF-based FFR
Table 10 – Test conditions for actual frequency disturbance simulation
51 9 Rate-of-change-of-frequency (ROCOF) definition and withstand capability for high ROCOF conditions
9.1 Definition of rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
52 Figure 17 – Schematic of increased ROCOF with increased renewable generation
53 9.2 Ride-through (withstand) capability for high ROCOF conditions
Figure 18 – The response of IBRs for frequency slope change(change from 45 Hz to 55 Hz in 1 s)
54 Figure 19 – The response of IBRs for frequency step change of 1 Hz
55 10 Test specifications for high ROCOF conditions
10.1 Performance specification
10.1.1 Effective and operating ranges
10.1.2 Accuracy related to the characteristic quantity
Table 11 – Example of effective and operating rangesfor over- and under-frequency protection
Table 12 – Example of effective and operating ranges for ROCOF protection
56 10.1.3 Start time for rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) function
10.1.4 Accuracy related to the operate time delay setting
10.1.5 Voltage input
Figure 20 – Operate time and operate time delay setting
57 10.2 Functional test methodology
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Determination of steady-state errors related to the characteristic quantity
58 Figure 21 – Example of test method for positive ROCOF function
59 Table 13 – Test points for ROCOF function
60 Table 14 – Reporting of ROCOF accuracy
61 Figure 22 – Test method for measurement of reset value for ROCOF functions:example for positive ROCOF function
64 Table 15 – Test points of reset value for ROCOF function
65 10.2.3 Determination of the start time
Figure 23 – Start time measurement of positive ROCOF function
Table 16 – Reporting of the reset value for ROCOF function
66 Table 17 – Test points for minimum frequency protection function start time
67 10.2.4 Determination of the accuracy of the operate time delay
Figure 24 – Operate time delay measurement of positive ROCOF
Table 18 – Test points to measure operate time delay
68 10.2.5 Determination of disengaging time
Figure 25 – Disengaging time measurement of ROCOF
Table 19 – Test points for accuracy of the operate time delay
69 11 Modelling capabilities and improvements to dynamic models for fast frequency response and related high ROCOF conditions
11.1 General
Table 20 – Test points of disengaging time for ROCOF function
70 11.2 Dynamic models for fast frequency response and related high ROCOF conditions
11.2.1 Dynamic models of whole power systems
71 Figure 26 – Second generation BPS renewable energy system (RES) modules
72 Figure 27 – Load modelling practices
74 Figure 28 – WECC CLM
Figure 29 – Electronically interfaced load model
75 11.2.2 Simplification of dynamic models
Figure 30 – Distributed energy resource model
Figure 31 – The traditional SFR model
77 11.3 Modelling improvements
Figure 32 – Improved model in light of ROCOF-based FFR and deviation-based FFR
78 Figure 33 – Electrical power from wind turbines for different combinations of wind power control strategies under 20 % wind power penetration in system
79 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC TR 63401-3:2023
$215.11