ASCE Manual 110 08:2008 Edition

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Manual of Practice No. 110: Sedimentation Engineering

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	2008	1155

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Description

ASCE Manual 54 “Sedimentation Engineering,” edited by the late Professor Vito A. Vanoni, provides both qualitative and quantitative guidance to theoreticians and practitioners with respect to sediment issues and processes associated with the development, use and conservation of water and land resources. It describes the nature and scope of sedimentation problems, details methods of investigation, and presents practical approaches to solution and management. As a major contribution to the profession, Professor Vanoni organized, partially wrote, and edited the definitive Manual 54. As chairman of the special Task Committee, established in 1954 with the charge of writing the manual, Vanoni worked for two decades and set a high standard. Many of the sections of the original manuscript for the book were first published in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division ASCE and received considerable discussion, which was taken into account in the final manuscript. Manual 54 received worldwide recognition and widespread use in academia and practice, being recognized with the ASCE Karl Emil Hilgard Hydraulic Prize for best publication in 1976. Since the publication of Manual 54 in 1975, global awareness of sediment erosion, transport and deposition processes and of their impact on the use and development of water and land resources has greatly increased. Manual 54 remains an important reference on many aspects of sedimentation engineering, but in other aspects it has been outdated by advances in knowledge and techniques and by the emergence of new problems and issues.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
8	Contents
18	Foreword
22	Dedication
24	CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SEDIMENTATION ENGINEERING 1.1 Introduction
27	1.2 Overview of Erosion
31	1.3 Overview of Sediment Transport
34	1.4 Overview of Sediment Deposition
37	1.5 Management and Treatment of Sedimentation Problems
40	References
44	CHAPTER 2 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND MORPHODYNAMICS 2.1 Sediment Transport Mechanics and Related Phenomena
47	2.2 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics for Sediment Transport
57	2.3 Sediment Properties
67	2.4 Threshold Condition for Sediment Movement
83	2.5 Sediment Transport
89	2.6 Bed Load Transport
100	2.7 Bed Forms
122	2.8 Bed Forms, Flow Resistance, and Sediment Transport
130	2.9 Suspended Load
146	2.10 Dimensionless Relations for Total Bed-Material Load in Sand-Bed Streams
152	2.11 Morphodynamics of Rivers and Turbidity Currents
156	2.12 Morphodynamics of Lake and Reservoir Sedimentation
169	References
188	CHAPTER 3 TRANSPORT OF GRAVEL AND SEDIMENT MIXTURES 3.1 Fluvial Phenomena Associated with Sediment Mixtures
194	3.2 Engineering Relevance
198	3.3 Grain-Size Distributions
201	3.4 Dimensionless Bank-Full Relations for Gravel-Bed and Sand-Bed Streams
206	3.5 The Active Layer Concept
209	3.6 General Formulation for Bed-Load Transport of Mixtures
214	3.7 Relations for Hiding and Bed-Load Transport in Mixtures
232	3.8 Field Data
233	3.9 Abrasion
236	3.10 Numerical Modeling of Bed Level Variation with Sorting
239	3.11 Static and Mobile Armoring: Observations, Experiments, and Modeling
246	3.12 Downstream Fining: Observations, Experiments, and Modeling
250	3.13 Morphodynamics of Local Planform Sorting
252	3.14 The Case of Suspension-Dominated Sand-Bed Rivers
260	3.15 Tracers and Vertical Sorting
262	Notation
266	References
276	CHAPTER 4 FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 4.1 Introduction
277	4.2 Sediment Characterization
282	4.3 Sediment Transport Processes
284	4.4 Aggregation
289	4.5 Settling Velocity
293	4.6 Deposition Under Flow
295	4.7 Consolidation and Gelling
298	4.8 Erosion
306	4.9 Wave-Induced Erosion
314	4.10 Diffusion
316	4.11 Applications
320	References
330	CHAPTER 5 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MEASUREMENTS 5.1 General
332	5.2 Bed-Material Measurement Techniques
343	5.3 Suspended-Sediment Samplers and Sampling Methods
362	5.4 Bed Load Samplers
369	References
378	CHAPTER 6 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 6.1 Basic Concepts
382	6.2 Channel Morphology
386	6.3 Sediment Transport
387	6.4 Channel-Forming Discharge
390	6.5 Relationships in Rivers
394	6.6 Channel Stability and Instability
398	6.7 Channel Classification
402	6.8 Channel Evolution Models
404	6.9 Geomorphic Assessment
405	6.10 Closure Notation
406	References
410	CHAPTER 7 STREAMBANK EROSION AND RIVER WIDTH ADJUSTMENT 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geomorphic Context of River Width Adjustment
414	7.3 Factors Influencing Bank Erosion and Width Adjustment
431	7.4 Methods for Evaluating Bank Erosion and Width Adjustment
449	7.5 Procedure for Approaching Width-Adjustment Problems
451	7.6 Conclusions
452	Appendix. Data Sources
453	Acknowledgments References
462	CHAPTER 8 RIVER MEANDERING AND CHANNEL STABILITY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Meandering Process
466	8.3 Flow and Bed Topography in Meanders
468	8.4 Channel Stability
472	8.5 Applications of Flow and Stability Relations
473	8.6 Simulation of Meander Evolution
474	8.7 Channel Stabilization
477	References
484	CHAPTER 9 STREAM RESTORATION 9.1 Introduction
489	9.2 Preparation of Sediment Studies Plan
492	9.3 Selecting Values for Design Discharge and Bed Material Size
497	9.4 Stability Assessment
508	9.5 River Restoration Design
517	9.6 Stability Checks
519	9.7 Implementation and Construction 9.8 Monitoring and Postconstruction Adjustment
520	9.9 Conclusions Acknowledgments References
528	CHAPTER 10 BRIDGE SCOUR EVALUATION 10.1 Introduction
529	10.2 Total Scour
530	10.3 Clear-Water and Live-Bed Scour 10.4 Long-Term Bed Elevation Changes
531	10.5 General Scour
533	10.6 Critical Velocity for Movement of Bed Material
534	10.7 Local Scour
535	10.8 Local Scour at Piers
536	10.9 HEC 18 Pier Scour Equation
546	10.10 Scour Depths with Debris on Piers 10.11 Jain and Fisher’s Equation
547	10.12 Melville’s Equation
548	10.13 Other Pier Scour Equations 10.14 Top Width of Pier Scour Holes 10.15 Local Scour at Abutments
550	10.16 Chang and Davis Abutment Scour Equation
551	10.17 Sturm Abutment Scour Equation
552	10.18 Richardson and Trivino Abutment Scour Equation
553	10.19 Richardson et al. Equation for L/y > 25 10.20 Computer Models 10.21 Stream Instability
554	10.22 Scour in Tide-Affected Waterways
555	10.23 Scour Calculations for Tidal Waterways
556	10.24 Overview of Tidal Processes
557	10.25 Preliminary Analysis
559	10.26 Determination of Hydraulic Variables
562	References
566	CHAPTER 11 BRIDGE-SCOUR PREVENTION AND COUNTERMEASURES 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Scour Processes
572	11.3 Protection against General Scour and Contraction Scour
580	11.4 Countermeasures for Local Scour at Bridge Piers
591	11.5 Abutment Protection
597	11.6 Environmental Considerations References
602	CHAPTER 12 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION 12.1 Introduction
603	12.2 Sedimentation Rates
605	12.3 Sustainability
608	12.4 Sedimentation Impacts
610	12.5 Sediment Delivery to Reservoirs
613	12.6 Quantifying Sediment Yield
618	12.7 Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs
621	12.8 Sediment Management in Reservoirs
630	12.9 Dam Removal
631	12.10 Concluding Remarks
632	References
636	CHAPTER 13 ICE EFFECTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RIVERS 13.1 Introduction
638	13.2 Ice Formation
642	13.3 Ice-Cover Effects on Flow Distribution
646	13.4 Ice-Cover Breakup
648	13.5 Sediment Transport by Ice
650	13.6 Ice-Cover Effects on Sediment Transport by Flow
658	13.7 River-Ice Effects on Alluvial-Channel Morphology
668	Acknowledgments References
672	CHAPTER 14 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES 14.1 Introduction
673	14.2 Local Scour and Deposition 14.3 General Equations for Flow in Mobile Boundary Channels
677	14.4 Similarity between Computational Model Studies and Physical Model Studies
679	14.5 Data Types and Resolution
690	14.6 Model Calibration
693	14.7 Base Test
694	14.8 Plan Test 14.9 Interpretation of Results 14.10 Examples to Illustrate Model Applicability
695	14.11 An Example Application
702	14.12 Available Computational Models
703	References
706	CHAPTER 15 TWO-AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MOBILE-BED HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENTATION 15.1 Introduction
708	15.2 Problem Types and Available Techniques and Modeling Systems—A Survey
713	15.3 Mathematical Basis for Hydrodynamics in Two and Three Dimensions
718	15.4 Overview of Models of Sediment Transport and Bed Evolution
724	15.5 Bed and Near-Bed Processes
728	15.6 Suspended-Material Processes
730	15.7 Sediment-Exchange Processes
731	15.8 System Closure and Auxiliary Relations
735	15.9 Mobile-Bed Numerical Solution Considerations
737	15.10 Field Data Needs for Model Construction, Calibration, and Verification
743	15.11 Examples
778	15.12 Critical Assessment of State of the Art and Future Perspectives
782	References
786	CHAPTER 16 TURBULENCE MODELS FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ENGINEERING 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Turbulence, Models, and Particulate Flows
789	16.3 The Reynolds-Averaged Equations
794	16.4 Turbulence Closure Models
817	16.5 Applications of Turbulence Models to Problems Related to Sediment Transport
835	16.6 Discussion
838	Appendix I. Cartesian Tensor Notation
840	Appendix II. Spatially Averaged Models
843	References
850	CHAPTER 17 WATERSHED SEDIMENT YIELD 17.1 Introduction
852	17.2 Upland Soil Erosion
860	17.3 Gully Erosion
862	17.4 Streambed and Bank Erosion 17.5 Gross Erosion, Delivery Ratio, and Sediment Yield
863	17.6 Watershed Models
877	References
882	CHAPTER 18 ENGINEERING GEOMORPHOLOGY 18.1 Introduction
884	18.2 History
888	18.3 Systems Approach
896	18.4 Geomorphic Hazards
901	18.5 The Engineering Geomorphic Approach
903	18.6 Conclusions References
908	CHAPTER 19 SEDIMENTATION HAZARDS 19.1 Introduction
910	19.2 Sedimentation Hazards—History and Magnitude
912	19.3 Mechanics of Mudflows, Debris-Flows, and Mud-Floods
923	19.4 Alluvial Fan Flooding and Sedimentation
928	19.5 Methods to Mitigate the Consequences of Sedimentation Hazards
932	19.6 Mathematical Modeling of Mudflows and Debris-Flows
940	References
946	APPENDIX CHAPTER 19 CASE STUDY MOUNT ST. HELENS—20 YEARS LATER Introduction and Chronology
950	Watershed Recovery
953	Sediment Sources
956	Sediment Yield
957	Conclusions
959	References
960	CHAPTER 20 AMERICAN SEDIMENTATION LAW AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Manual 54: Sedimentation Engineering (Vanoni 1975)
962	20.3 Recent Trends in American Sedimentation Law 20.4 Key Trend-Setting Court Decisions
963	20.5 Public Liability and Natural Hazards: Common Law and Regulatory “Takings”—Future Directions
969	20.6 Various Defenses 20.7 Sovereign Immunity
971	20.8 Statutes of Limitations 20.9 Hazard Mitigation Measures Based upon Tort Theories
972	20.10 More on the Takings Issue: Expanded Status and Trends in Tort and Takings Laws 20.11 Upstream versus Downstream Legal Issues
973	20.12 Act of God Defense
975	20.13 Forensic Geology 20.14 Future Directions
977	20.15 Summary and Recent Developments
979	20.16 Conclusion Acknowledgments References
980	Court Citations and Other References
982	CHAPTER 21 CONTAMINANT PROCESSES IN SEDIMENTS 21.1 Introduction
983	21.2 Contaminants of Concern
985	21.3 Contaminant Release and Exposure Pathways
991	21.4 Water-Side Mass Transfer Processes
992	21.5 Analysis of Sediment Bed Fate and Transport Mechanisms
997	21.6 Engineering Management of Contaminated Sediments
1002	21.7 Summary References
1006	CHAPTER 22 SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND (SOD) IN RIVERS, LAKES, AND ESTUARIES 22.1 Introduction
1007	22.2 Diffusive Sublayer Thickness
1010	22.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficient
1012	Appendix: Developed Flow Concepts
1013	References
1018	CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL MODELS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH DAM REMOVAL 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Dam Removal and Sediment-Transport Modeling
1023	23.3 Numerical Simulation of Sediment Transport Following the Removal of Marmot Dam, Sandy River, Oregon
1042	Acknowledgments References
1044	APPENDIX A: ROCK SCOUR Introduction Overview of Rock Scour
1047	Combined Application of Methods The EIM
1049	The CSM
1058	Summary References
1060	APPENDIX B: RIPRAP DESIGN B.1 Introduction B.2 Riprap Structure Types
1062	B.3 Physical Characteristics of Riprap Stone
1064	B.4 Significance of Hydraulic Loading
1067	B.5 Geotechnical Requirements for Riprap
1068	B.6 Environmental Requirements for Riprap
1069	B.7 Scour Protection Requirements for Bank Revetments
1071	B.8 Size Requirements for Riprap
1076	B.9 Construction and Maintenance
1077	References
1080	APPENDIX C: SEDIMENT TRANSPORT SCALING FOR PHYSICAL MODELS C.1 Introduction C.2 Modeling Considerations
1087	C.3 Nomenclature
1088	References
1090	APPENDIX D: ESTIMATING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE D.1 Introduction D.2 Suspended-Sediment Concentration Interpolation Method
1092	D.3 Transport-Curve Method for Suspended Sediment Load, Bed Load, and Total Load
1096	D.4 Equations for Estimating Bed Load and Bed-Material Load
1106	D.5 Toward Collection of Consistent, Reliable Fluvial-Sediment Data
1107	References
1112	APPENDIX E: LIMITED GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS
1126	APPENDIX F: CONVERSION OF UNITS
1130	Vito A. Vanoni (1904 – 1999)
1138	Index A
1139	B
1140	C
1141	D
1142	E F
1143	G
1144	H I
1145	J K L M
1147	N O
1148	P Q R
1150	S
1153	T
1154	U V W
1155	Y Z