{"id":160975,"date":"2024-10-19T09:40:10","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T09:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/aci-440r-07-2007\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T01:58:47","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T01:58:47","slug":"aci-440r-07-2007","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/aci\/aci-440r-07-2007\/","title":{"rendered":"ACI 440R 07 2007"},"content":{"rendered":"

Applications of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as reinforcement for concrete structures have been growing rapidly in recent years. ACI Committee 440 has published design guidelines for internal FRP reinforcement, externally bonded FRP reinforcement for strengthening, prestressed FRP reinforcement, and test methods for FRP products. Although these guidelines exist, new products and applications continue to be developed. Thus, this report summarizes the current state of knowledge on these materials and their application to concrete and masonry structures. The purpose of this report is to act as an introduction to FRP materials in areas where ACI guides exist, and to provide information on the properties and behavior of concrete structures containing FRP in areas where guides are not currently available. If an ACI guide is available, the guide document supersedes information in this report, and the guide should always be followed for design and application purposes. ACI Committee 440 is also in the process of developing new guides and thus the current availability of guides should be checked by the reader. In addition to the material properties of the constituent materials (that is, resins and fibers) and products, current knowledge of FRP applications, such as internal reinforcement including prestressing, external strengthening of concrete and masonry structures, and structural systems, is discussed in detail. The document also addresses durability issues and the effects of extreme events, such as fire and blast. A summary of some examples of field applications is presented. Keywords: aramid fibers; blast; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers; composite materials; corrosion; design; dowels; ductility; durability; external reinforcement; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); fibers; fire; glass fiber; masonry; mechanical properties; polymer resin; prestressed concrete; seismic; stay-in-place forms; structural systems; test methods.<\/p>\n

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3<\/td>\nCONTENTS
CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
1.1\u2014 Introduction
1.1\u2014 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n1.2\u2014Historical perspective of FRP composites
1.2\u2014Historical perspective of FRP composites <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n1.2.1 Industry statistics
1.2.1 Industry statistics
1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications
1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications
CHAPTER 2\u2014 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 2\u2014 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1\u2014Notation
2.1\u2014Notation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n2.2\u2014Definitions
2.2\u2014Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nCHAPTER 3\u2014 CODES AND STANDARDS
CHAPTER 3\u2014 CODES AND STANDARDS
3.1\u2014Materials
3.1\u2014Materials
3.2\u2014Internal FRP reinforcement
3.2\u2014Internal FRP reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n3.3\u2014External FRP reinforcement
3.3\u2014External FRP reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nCHAPTER 4\u2014 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
CHAPTER 4\u2014 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
4.1\u2014 Introduction
4.1\u2014 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n4.2\u2014Polymer matrix: resins
4.2\u2014Polymer matrix: resins
4.2.1 Polyester
4.2.1 Polyester
4.2.2 Epoxy
4.2.2 Epoxy
4.2.3 Vinylester
4.2.3 Vinylester <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n4.2.4 Phenolic
4.2.4 Phenolic
4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
\nplastisol
4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
\nplastisol
4.3\u2014Reinforcing fibers
4.3\u2014Reinforcing fibers
4.3.1 Glass fibers
4.3.1 Glass fibers
4.3.2 Carbon fibers
4.3.2 Carbon fibers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n4.3.3 Aramid fibers
4.3.3 Aramid fibers
4.3.4 Steel fibers
4.3.4 Steel fibers
4.4\u2014Types of reinforcement
4.4\u2014Types of reinforcement
4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings
4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n4.4.2 Mats
4.4.2 Mats
4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics
4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n4.4.4 Unidirectional
4.4.4 Unidirectional
4.5\u2014Additives and fillers
4.5\u2014Additives and fillers
4.5.1 Additives and modifiers
4.5.1 Additives and modifiers
4.5.2 Fillers
4.5.2 Fillers
4.6\u2014Core materials for sandwich structures
4.6\u2014Core materials for sandwich structures
4.7\u2014Adhesives
4.7\u2014Adhesives
4.8\u2014FRP manufacturing processes
4.8\u2014FRP manufacturing processes
4.8.1 Pultrusion
4.8.1 Pultrusion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n4.8.2 Filament winding
4.8.2 Filament winding
4.8.3 Compression molding
4.8.3 Compression molding
4.8.4 Resin transfer molding
4.8.4 Resin transfer molding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding
4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding
4.8.6 Hand lay-up
4.8.6 Hand lay-up
4.8.7 Centrifugal casting
4.8.7 Centrifugal casting
CHAPTER 5\u2014 PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
CHAPTER 5\u2014 PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
5.1\u2014 Introduction
5.1\u2014 Introduction
5.2\u2014Typical properties of currently available products
5.2\u2014Typical properties of currently available products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n5.3\u2014Test methods for mechanical properties
5.3\u2014Test methods for mechanical properties
5.3.1 Tension test methods
5.3.1 Tension test methods
5.3.2 Compression test methods
5.3.2 Compression test methods
5.3.3 Shear test methods
5.3.3 Shear test methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n5.3.4 Flexural test methods
5.3.4 Flexural test methods
5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement
5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement
5.3.5.1 Pullout tests
5.3.5.1 Pullout tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests
5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests
5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test
5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test
5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP
\nreinforcement
5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP
\nreinforcement
5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests
5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests
5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests
5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests
5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests
5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests
5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests
5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing
5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n5.4\u2014Durability testing methods
5.4\u2014Durability testing methods
5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met
5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met
5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method
5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method
5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests
5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests
5.4.2 Creep test methods
5.4.2 Creep test methods
5.5\u2014Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials
5.5\u2014Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials
5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection
5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n5.5.1.1 Visual inspection
5.5.1.1 Visual inspection
5.5.1.2 Tap testing
5.5.1.2 Tap testing
5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics
5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics
5.5.1.4 Radiography
5.5.1.4 Radiography
5.5.1.5 Shearography
5.5.1.5 Shearography
5.5.1.6 Thermography
5.5.1.6 Thermography
CHAPTER 6\u2014 PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT
CHAPTER 6\u2014 PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n6.1\u2014Strength
6.1\u2014Strength
6.1.1 Flexural strength
6.1.1 Flexural strength
6.1.2 Beam shear
6.1.2 Beam shear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n6.1.3 Punching shear
6.1.3 Punching shear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n6.2\u2014Serviceability
6.2\u2014Serviceability
6.2.1 Deflection considerations
6.2.1 Deflection considerations
6.2.2 Crack width and patterns
6.2.2 Crack width and patterns <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n6.3\u2014Bond and development of reinforcement
6.3\u2014Bond and development of reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n6.4\u2014Fatigue performance
6.4\u2014Fatigue performance
6.5\u2014Members reinforced with FRP grating systems
6.5\u2014Members reinforced with FRP grating systems
6.6\u2014Members reinforced with FRP grids
6.6\u2014Members reinforced with FRP grids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n6.7\u2014Pavement applications
6.7\u2014Pavement applications
CHAPTER 7\u2014 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
CHAPTER 7\u2014 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
7.1\u2014FRP tendons
7.1\u2014FRP tendons
7.2\u2014Anchorages
7.2\u2014Anchorages
7.2.1 Clamp anchorage
7.2.1 Clamp anchorage
7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage
7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage
7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage
7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage
7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage
7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage
7.2.5 Metal overlaying
7.2.5 Metal overlaying
7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage
7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n7.3\u2014Flexural behavior
7.3\u2014Flexural behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n7.4\u2014Fatigue behavior
7.4\u2014Fatigue behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n7.5\u2014Time-dependent behavior
7.5\u2014Time-dependent behavior
7.6\u2014Ductility and deformability
7.6\u2014Ductility and deformability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n7.7\u2014Transfer and development length
7.7\u2014Transfer and development length
7.7.1 Transfer length
7.7.1 Transfer length
7.7.2 Flexural bond length
7.7.2 Flexural bond length
7.7.3 Summary
7.7.3 Summary
7.8\u2014Shear behavior
7.8\u2014Shear behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n7.9\u2014External tendons
7.9\u2014External tendons
7.10\u2014Prestressed poles
7.10\u2014Prestressed poles
CHAPTER 8\u2014 REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING
CHAPTER 8\u2014 REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n8.1\u2014Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP
8.1\u2014Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP
8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure
8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n8.1.2 Debonding failures
8.1.2 Debonding failures
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n8.1.2.3
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5
8.1.2.5
8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors
8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors
8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix
8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n8.1.5 Slabs
8.1.5 Slabs
8.2\u2014Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP
8.2\u2014Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n8.3\u2014Shear strengthening
8.3\u2014Shear strengthening
8.4\u2014Axial strengthening of columns
8.4\u2014Axial strengthening of columns <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n8.5\u2014Seismic strengthening and retrofitting
8.5\u2014Seismic strengthening and retrofitting
8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design
8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n8.6\u2014Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates
8.6\u2014Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates
8.7\u2014Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement
8.7\u2014Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement
8.7.1 Flexural strengthening
8.7.1 Flexural strengthening <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n8.7.2 Shear strengthening
8.7.2 Shear strengthening
8.7.3 Development length and bond
8.7.3 Development length and bond
8.8\u2014Design procedures
8.8\u2014Design procedures
CHAPTER 9\u2014 STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS
CHAPTER 9\u2014 STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS
9.1\u2014 Introduction
9.1\u2014 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n9.2\u2014Advantages and limitations of system
9.2\u2014Advantages and limitations of system
9.3\u2014Structural composition of FRP forms
9.3\u2014Structural composition of FRP forms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n9.4\u2014Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms
9.4\u2014Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms
9.5\u2014Concrete component
9.5\u2014Concrete component
9.6\u2014Construction considerations
9.6\u2014Construction considerations
9.6.1 Concreting
9.6.1 Concreting
9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP
9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP
9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP
9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP
9.7\u2014Behavior of axial members
9.7\u2014Behavior of axial members
9.7.1 Background
9.7.1 Background <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement
9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement
9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement
9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement
9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially
9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n9.7.5 Effect of central holes
9.7.5 Effect of central holes
9.7.6 Slenderness effect
9.7.6 Slenderness effect
9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section
9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section
9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading
9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n9.7.9 Bond effects
9.7.9 Bond effects
9.7.10 Confinement models
9.7.10 Confinement models
9.8\u2014Behavior of flexural and axial\/ flexural members
9.8\u2014Behavior of flexural and axial\/ flexural members
9.8.1 Background of closed form systems
9.8.1 Background of closed form systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n9.8.2 Background of open form systems
9.8.2 Background of open form systems
9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure
\nin CFFT flexural members
9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure
\nin CFFT flexural members <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending
9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending
9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial
\nloads
9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial
\nloads
9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs
9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs
9.8.7 Prestressed members
9.8.7 Prestressed members <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs
9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs
9.8.9 Sustained loading
9.8.9 Sustained loading
CHAPTER 10\u2014 MASONRY APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 10\u2014 MASONRY APPLICATIONS
10.1\u2014 Introduction
10.1\u2014 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n10.2\u2014FRP strengthening techniques
10.2\u2014FRP strengthening techniques
10.3\u2014FRP repair and strengthening of masonry
10.3\u2014FRP repair and strengthening of masonry
10.3.1 Flexural strengthening
10.3.1 Flexural strengthening <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n10.3.2 Shear strengthening
10.3.2 Shear strengthening <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n10.3.3 Settlement repair
10.3.3 Settlement repair
10.4\u2014Design and application considerations
10.4\u2014Design and application considerations
10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements
10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n10.4.2 Detailing requirements
10.4.2 Detailing requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n10.4.3 Surface preparation
10.4.3 Surface preparation
10.4.4 Installation of FRP system
10.4.4 Installation of FRP system
CHAPTER 11\u2014 DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE
CHAPTER 11\u2014 DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE
11.1\u2014Definition of durability
11.1\u2014Definition of durability
11.2\u2014Durability of FRP composites
11.2\u2014Durability of FRP composites
11.2.1 Materials
11.2.1 Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n11.2.2 Overview of ASCE\/CERF document
11.2.2 Overview of ASCE\/CERF document
11.2.3 Environments
11.2.3 Environments
11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions
11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions
11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n11.2.3.7 Fatigue
11.2.3.7 Fatigue
11.2.3.8 UV radiation
11.2.3.8 UV radiation
11.3\u2014Internal reinforcement
11.3\u2014Internal reinforcement
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Moisture
11.3.2 Moisture
11.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.3.3 Alkaline environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.3.5 Temperature
11.3.5 Temperature
11.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.3.7 Fatigue
11.3.7 Fatigue
11.3.8 UV exposure
11.3.8 UV exposure
11.4\u2014External reinforcement
11.4\u2014External reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.4.2 Alkaline environment
11.4.2 Alkaline environment
11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.4.4 Freezing and thawing
11.4.4 Freezing and thawing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\n11.4.5 Creep
11.4.5 Creep
11.4.6 Fatigue
11.4.6 Fatigue
11.4.7 UV exposure
11.4.7 UV exposure
11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members
11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n11.5\u2014Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms
11.5\u2014Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nCHAPTER 12\u2014 FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS
CHAPTER 12\u2014 FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS
12.1\u2014 Introduction
12.1\u2014 Introduction
12.2\u2014Fire
12.2\u2014Fire
12.2.1 Fire safety in structures
12.2.1 Fire safety in structures
12.2.2 FRPs and fire
12.2.2 FRPs and fire <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature
12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature
12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature
12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature
12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity
12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened
\nconcrete
12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened
\nconcrete
12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed
\nstructural concrete members
12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed
\nstructural concrete members
12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members
12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members
12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines
12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n12.3\u2014Blast effects
12.3\u2014Blast effects
12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete
\ncolumns
12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete
\ncolumns <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls
12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls
12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls
12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls
12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls
12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n12.3.2.3 Wall design
12.3.2.3 Wall design
CHAPTER 13\u2014 FIELD APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 13\u2014 FIELD APPLICATIONS
13.1\u2014FRP as internal reinforcement
13.1\u2014FRP as internal reinforcement
13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks
13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks
13.1.2 Hall\u2019s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia,
\nCanada) GFRP bar reinforcement
13.1.2 Hall\u2019s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia,
\nCanada) GFRP bar reinforcement
13.1.3 FRP barrier walls
13.1.3 FRP barrier walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n13.1.4 Specialty applications
13.1.4 Specialty applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\n13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete
\nstructures
13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete
\nstructures
13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair
13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n13.2\u2014Prestressing applications
13.2\u2014Prestressing applications
13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement
13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement
13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications
13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications
13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles
13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n13.3\u2014External reinforcement
13.3\u2014External reinforcement
13.3.1 Beam and girder repair
13.3.1 Beam and girder repair <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n13.3.2 Column wrapping
13.3.2 Column wrapping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure
13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure
13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets
13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets
13.4\u2014Masonry applications
13.4\u2014Masonry applications
13.5\u2014Stay-in-place FRP forms
13.5\u2014Stay-in-place FRP forms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications
13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications
13.5.2 Bridge girders
13.5.2 Bridge girders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nCHAPTER 14\u2014 RESEARCH NEEDS
CHAPTER 14\u2014 RESEARCH NEEDS
14.1\u2014 Introduction
14.1\u2014 Introduction
14.2\u2014Key research needs
14.2\u2014Key research needs
14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics
14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics
14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for
\ndurability testing
14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for
\ndurability testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP
\nrepair or retrofit measures
14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP
\nrepair or retrofit measures
14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement
14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement
14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using
\nFRP
14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using
\nFRP
14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP
14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP
14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems
14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems
14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods
14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods
14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications
14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications
14.2.4 New materials and systems
14.2.4 New materials and systems
14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials
14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials
14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes
14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes
14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring
\nsystems
14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring
\nsystems
14.2.5 Future research directions
14.2.5 Future research directions
14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure
14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure
14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties
14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties
14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction
14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\n14.2.5.4 Research partnerships
14.2.5.4 Research partnerships
14.3\u2014Conclusions
14.3\u2014Conclusions
CHAPTER 15\u2014 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15\u2014 REFERENCES
15.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports
15.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n15.2\u2014Cited references
15.2\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

440R-07 Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2007<\/td>\n104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":160978,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2650],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-160975","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-aci","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/160975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/160978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=160975"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=160975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}